Well, the easiest way to check for a head gasket failure is by looking for milky-ness in the oil and coolant, it might not be a bad idea to drain a sample of coolant after the engine has run. Pour the oil into a glass or clear bottle and wait for the oil and coolant to seperate. Besides the obvious visual signs of the failure, the next step should be a compression test and/or a leakdown test. However, I cannot imagine that any competent shop would overlook milky oil, and its just too easy to hook up a compressor tester for them not to.
About the charcoal canister, it is just an emissions tool and should have nothing to do with tons of white smoke billowing out of the exhaust, and what would it get clogged by, gas fumes?